Today’s business environment is uncertain, and businesses from emerging countries require resilient supply chains (SCR) to sustain their operations and be competitive in the environment. In particular, MSMEs (Micro Small and Medium Enterprises) play a key role by unlocking their potential in creating employment, enhancing innovation, promoting regional development, and contributing to GDP. This study addresses the barriers affecting resilient supply chain implementation among the MSMEs from the Indian context. Further, the study also examined the barriers interdependencies by deploying Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach to systematically map the cause–and–effect relationships among the barriers. The findings of the study reveal the key barriers to resilience implementation are Lack of Financial Resources, Lack of Management Support, Inadequate Digital Infrastructure, Lack of Collaborative among the supply chain partners, Communication Barriers, Lack of skilled workforce, Resistance to Change, Supplier Dependency, Lack of government regulation, Cultural Barriers, Lack of Risk Awareness & Planning and, Gap between strategic planning and operational actions. The results help practitioners and MSME entrepreneurs to improve supply chain resilience and ensure long-term competitiveness.