Abstract

Sustainable last-mile deliveries are pivotal in addressing environmental challenges. This research paper analyses and compares the cost and environmental impact of ICE to EVs in Singapore’s context. In this research, the lifecycle costs of EVs and ICE vehicles that have a significant environmental impact were considered. An assessment from a Well-to-Wheel perspective using data collected from a leading logistics service provider was applied to analyze energy consumption and carbon emissions. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to comprehend the awareness of EVs and the adoption feasibility among logistics personnel and individuals across various industries while the world transitions to a more sustainable logistics planning and manufacturing. It gives an overview of public acceptance in moving towards lesser carbon emission delivery options for last-mile deliveries. The key findings revealed that firstly the availability of adequate charging infrastructures is essential in the EV adoption discussion; however, this can be overcome by the current URA-LTA tender, which is set to accomplish at least 60,000 charging points by 2030 (URA, 2020). Secondly, switching from combustion vehicles to electric vehicles was cost-efficient with the least environmental impact. The LCC results further validate that financial incentives and exemptions positively impact the adoption of EVs.