Synchromodal transportation represents an advanced paradigm in multimodal freight logistics, enabling dynamic mode switching through real-time information exchange. While extensively studied and implemented in European corridors, the selection of appropriate design methodologies for developing economies with distinct infrastructure constraints remains underexplored. This study reviews and comparatively analyzes the principal methods employed worldwide for designing synchromodal transport systems, including mathematical optimization (Mixed Integer Linear Programming), heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms (Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search, Variable Neighborhood Search), simulation-based approaches (agent-based modeling, discrete-event simulation), reinforcement learning frameworks, and hybrid methodologies. Each method is evaluated across dimensions of computational complexity, scalability, data requirements, real-time adaptability, and stakeholder integration capability. The comparative analysis is then applied to National Waterway-1 (NW-1) from Haldia to Sahibganj, a critical 600 km corridor under the Jal Marg Vikas Project, considering Indian-specific constraints including seasonal Ganga river draft variations, fragmented cargo ownership, time-dependent road congestion, and limited institutional coordination. The study derives that a hybrid approach combining MILP-based strategic planning with ALNS-enabled operational optimization and agent-based simulation for stakeholder behavior modeling offers the most suitable framework for NW-1. Policy recommendations emphasize phased implementation under PM Gati Shakti, with IWAI serving as the neutral coordination platform.

Keywords

Synchromodal transportation, design methods, comparative analysis, National Waterway-1, optimization, simulation, India.