The rapid growth of electronic waste, particularly from smartphones, highlights the need for more effective circular economy strategies. Although extending device lifespans can significantly reduce environmental impact, selecting the most suitable end-of-life option, such as reuse, repair, or recycling, remains a complex decision problem. This complexity arises from differences in device conditions and the need to consider multiple criteria simultaneously. This study proposes a structured framework to address this challenge by combining technical evaluation with multi-objective optimisation. First, a Device Circularity Readiness Score is developed to assess each smartphone based on battery condition, technical performance, and repairability. Then, a bi-objective optimisation model based on the NSGA-II algorithm is applied to determine optimal routing decisions by balancing economic value recovery and CO₂ emissions reduction. In addition, the readiness score is integrated as a constraint to ensure that all decisions remain technically feasible. The proposed framework provides a practical and data-driven approach for improving circular decision-making in smartphone waste management and contributes to more efficient and sustainable resource use.

Keywords

Circular Economy, Multi-Objective Optimization, End-of-life Strategies, Sustainability, E-Waste