In a time of increasing global uncertainty, supply chains encounter unparalleled challenges caused by geopolitical instability, climate change, and swift technical advancement. This paper performs a systematic review of 35 peer-reviewed articles published from 2020 to 2025, examining how contemporary disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and the emergence of Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies are transforming global supply chain resilience tactics. The review delineates four primary categories of disruption: geopolitical, environmental, technical, and health-related, and analyzes their operational, economic, and social ramifications. Research indicates that whereas digital technologies like AI, blockchain, and IoT enhance visibility, agility, and adaptability, they concurrently add cyber security vulnerabilities and escalate systemic complexity. Environmental concerns and increasing environmental, social and governance (ESG) compliance mandates are compelling organizations to reevaluate sourcing strategy, risk governance, and sustainability priorities. The study presents a conceptual framework that connects kinds of disruption to strategic responses, such as digital transformation, supply base diversification, and improved public-private partnership, providing concrete strategies for resilience.

Keywords

Supply chain disruptions, Resilience, Climate disruption, Industry 4.0, Sustainability