The rapid growth of electric mobility has intensified concerns related to battery costs, resource scarcity, lifecycle emissions, and end-of-life management within conventional linear supply chains. Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) has emerged as a promising Product Service System (PSS) that decouples battery ownership from vehicle ownership, enabling enhanced lifecycle control and circular value creation. This study examines BaaS from a supply chain and circular economy perspective, focusing on how service-oriented battery models reshape upstream sourcing, midstream operations, and downstream recovery processes. The paper conceptualizes a circular supply chain framework for BaaS, integrating battery design, leasing, usage monitoring, second-life deployment, and recycling coordination. Key enablers such as digital traceability, reverse logistics, standardized battery platforms, and data-driven decision-making are discussed alongside critical challenges including coordination complexity, infrastructure readiness, and regulatory alignment. The study highlights the potential of BaaS to improve asset utilization, reduce lifecycle costs, enhance material recovery, and support sustainability objectives in electric mobility ecosystems. By synthesizing insights from supply chain management, circular economy, and service based business models, this research contributes to the emerging discourse on circular EV battery systems and offers strategic implications for policymakers, manufacturers, service providers, and urban mobility planners seeking scalable and sustainable battery solutions.

Keywords

Circular Supply Chain, Battery-as-a-Service, Electric Vehicles, Sustainability, Product-Service Systems