The move toward renewable energy sources (RES) is also a growing trend driven by environmental concerns, economic competitiveness, and technological maturity. The paper uses a quantitative meta-analytic method to integrate the emerging literature using three expert lenses (environmentalist, economist, and electrical engineer). Peer-reviewed journal articles were systematically examined using PRISMA-based procedures to examine the environmental impacts, economic performance, and technical efficiency of renewable energy systems. The results indicate that the RES implementation provides meaningful greenhouse gas reductions, with a median CO₂ reduction of about 313.68 t/GWh, and that the effects of land-use and biodiversity are concentrated and can be controlled through proper planning and regulation. Renewable energy has been shown to be economically competitive, as evidenced by median levelized costs close to international standards and an average payback period of approximately 7.84 years. Technically, the photovoltaic systems have matured and operate reliably, with an average performance ratio of 0.77 and good scalability between installed capacity and annual output energy. Overall, the combined evidence demonstrates that renewable energy transitions offer environmental, economic, and sustained technical benefits, and they are appropriate as a core approach to sustainable energy systems.

Keywords

Capacity factor, energy yield, payback time, performance ratio, and renewable energy sources