Global crises, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, have exposed significant vulnerabilities in production and supply chains. During this period, lean production played a critical role by reducing waste and ensuring efficiency, while agile systems provided rapid adaptation and flexibility in the face of uncertainty. However, in times of crisis, neither lean nor agile approaches alone proved sufficient; instead, hybrid “leagile” models emerged as effective solutions. This article examines the contribution of leanness and agility to operational excellence and supply chain resilience within the context of the pandemic and similar crises, while also discussing their interrelation with sustainability and digital transformation.

Keywords: Lean production, agile systems, operational excellence, crisis management, supply chain