The development of nanocomposites with tunable physicochemical properties is essential for tackling global challenges related to sustainable energy storage and environmental remediation. This study comprehensively investigated the impact of several solvents on the structural, textural, and electrical characteristics of MoS₂/CdS nanocomposites (NCs), as well as their photocatalytic and electrochemical performance. The heterostructured MoS₂/CdS NCs were synthesized via a one-pot solvothermal approach at 180 ℃ for 16 h using cadmium acetate dihydrate, sodium molybdate dihydrate, and thiourea as the precursors of Cd, Mo, and S, respectively. X-ray diffraction and N₂ adsorption-desorption analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the NCs and demonstrated that both crystallinity and BET surface area were strongly influenced by the solvent environment. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by degrading methyl orange dye under solar irradiation, while electrochemical behavior was assessed for supercapacitor applications. Among the synthesized samples, the MoS₂/CdS NC obtained using ethylene glycol solvent demonstrated superior photocatalytic efficiency, achieving approximately 99% degradation of methyl orange in just 15 minutes. This efficiency is attributed to its larger surface area and more effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Electrochemical measurements further revealed that this sample delivered an enhanced specific capacitance of 445 F/g, outperforming those synthesized with other solvents. This study demonstrates the critical importance of solvent selection in modulating the morphology, surface properties, and charge-transfer characteristics of CdS/MoS₂ NCs. The findings demonstrate their strong potential as dual-function materials for high-efficiency pollutant degradation and advanced energy storage technologies.