Port congestion is a critical issue that poses significant operational, economic, and environmental challenges to port terminals across the world. This paper explores various consequences of port congestion through a comprehensive analysis of key performance indicators such as total port stay times, prolonged anchorage and operation durations. The study has utilized descriptive statistics and regression analysis with data collected from 1 September 2023 to 1 September 2024, we then assess how these factors correlate with congestion levels in various international port terminals.

Descriptive statistics revealed high variability in vessel timings, with extreme outliers, while regression analysis confirmed that all three factors show significance in impacting port operations. Prolonged congestions disrupt supply chain operation durations, delay cargo deliveries, and even escalate operational costs for shipping companies which ultimately impacts the competitiveness of ports on a global scale.

By identifying the critical factors contributing to port congestion and their implications, this research underscores the urgent need for strategic interventions. Future work will focus on vessel stay times at the Port of Singapore to uncover unique operational challenges and trends, while comparing vessel stay time patterns with broader trends identified in this study. Additionally, the outcomes of this study not only aim to assist Singapore in mitigating its port congestion issues, but also to strive to provide valuable insights for other major ports aspiring to enhance their global competitiveness and ensure reliable supply chain operations.