This study explores the potential of transforming Makkah into an intelligent city by integrating LoRa (long-range) technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance urban management and sustainability. The research is motivated by the need to address Makkah's unique challenges, particularly during the Hajj season, when the city experiences a significant influx of pilgrims. The study reviews the applicability of international standards, specifically the ITU-T Y.4903/L.1603 framework, and assesses the necessary technologies to implement these standards in Makkah effectively.

A comprehensive framework is proposed focusing on deploying a network of IoT sensors across the city to monitor environmental and infrastructural parameters such as air quality, waste management, and water flow. These sensors will provide real-time data, enabling city officials to make informed decisions, optimize resource management, and respond swiftly to emerging issues. The study also emphasizes the importance of installing adequate LoRa gateways to ensure network stability, particularly in Makkah's mountainous terrain.

The findings suggest that while Makkah has yet to fully implement smart city technologies, there is significant potential to expand these initiatives. Adopting the proposed framework and technologies will align Makkah with global intelligent city standards and set a precedent for other regional cities. The successful implementation of this strategy will enhance Makkah's competitiveness, sustainability, and resilience, contributing to the broader goals of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.